Evidence for spatial vision in Chiton tuberculatus, a chiton with eyespots

Growth and Duration of Life of Chiton Tuberculatus.

Formation in Chrysochromulina Chiton

The normal form of the species has been compared with a deviant form and the processes of scale production in both more fully studied. The deviation is shown to be genetically based, possibly a mutation, of which the main structural expression is loss of capacity to develop the normal outer layer of material on each scale. The large scales also lack rims, a flange on the back giving a spurious ...

The Analysis of Neuromuscular Mechanisms in Chiton

1. The degree of curvature of the body and of the girdle of a Chiton is determined by the activity of antagonistic muscle groups. At a certain, early stage in the strychninization of a Chiton the reciprocal inhibition involved in the natural use of these muscle groups is reversed, such that extensor muscles, rather than, as normally, flexor muscles, contract as the result of stimulation. This c...

A Chiton Uses Aragonite Lenses to Form Images

Hundreds of ocelli are embedded in the dorsal shell plates of certain chitons. These ocelli each contain a pigment layer, retina, and lens, but it is unknown whether they provide chitons with spatial vision. It is also unclear whether chiton lenses are made from proteins, like nearly all biological lenses, or from some other material. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction rev...

Multifunctionality of chiton biomineralized armor with an integrated visual system.

Nature provides a multitude of examples of multifunctional structural materials in which trade-offs are imposed by conflicting functional requirements. One such example is the biomineralized armor of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata, which incorporates an integrated sensory system that includes hundreds of eyes with aragonite-based lenses. We use optical experiments to demonstrate that these ...